Tuesday, May 1, 2012

Different Types Of Motor Homes

If you are interested in purchasing one of the many different types of motorhomes, there are several things that you should know about. People with different needs will require different types of motorhomes. First of all you should select among motorhomes that satisfy the size and inside amenities requirements. For example, there are motorhomes that are designed specifically for 2 to 4 people. There are motorhomes that are smaller (campers, for example) or larger. There are also motorhomes that will have different number of beds. For example, you may look at the motorhomes that have a large double bed over the cabin. Some motorhomes will have the section with a table and chairs that can be converted to an extra bed. Other options are also available.

You should also make sure that motorhomes that you look at satisfy the technical requirements. For example, there are motorhomes with automatic or 5 speed manual transmission. Different motorhomes will have different engines and different fuel requirements (diesel or unleaded fuel). A very important characteristic of motorhomes is the fuel consumption. You will spend a lot of time on the road and with the rising oil prices you should try to lower your gasoline expenses.

Different motorhomes will also have different inside amenities and equipment. There are several items that you might want to think about having in the motorhomes that you are considering. For example, many motorhomes would include such amenities as a chemical toilet with flushing capabilities, shower (may use cold and even hot pressurized water), tanks for holding fresh water and waste water, air conditioner (particularly important if you live in states with hot weather) and even a hot water system (heated with gas). Motorhomes can also usually include a kitchen area with a lot of different kitchen equipment (like a microwave and refrigerator). There are other amenities that will be more specific to your personal needs. The basic specifications provided for all models of motorhomes will include the list of all inside equipment.

For more Motor Homes information, please`click through to our site via the link in the resource box.

Monday, April 30, 2012

Mistakes

Don't worry about making mistakes.

Everyone makes mistakes.

Why should you be different?

The person who never made a mistake, never made anything.

Mistakes can be costly. They can also be educational.

Look upon your mistakes as assets.

Life is a learning process. Learn from your mistakes.

Profit from them and you will not only make more money, you will also become a better person.

You must face the fact that from time to time you will make the odd mistake.

As long as they are not life threatening, pick yourself up, dust yourself down and get on with your life.

Just remember not to make the same mistake twice. As I said before, "Learn from your mistakes." Better still, learn from other people's mistakes.

There are people out there who have become millionaires working on the internet. Do you think they never made mistakes? They are only too willing to admit their mistakes and to explain how they resolved them.

If you want to get to the top, and I presume that you do, study those who have already made it to the top. Study the way they did it. Copy the methods of successful people. They will not be too proud to explain the problems they encountered on the way. Problems that you will surely meet as you progress and gain experience.

Disregard the 'overnight gurus' trying to sell you the latest get-rich scheme. If you listen to them you will be making the biggest mistake of all.

The old adage: "Learn to walk before you try to run." Holds good in any type of business venture.

The main difference when setting up a business on the internet, as against setting up a conventional business, is that on the internet there is no shortage of genuine advice for the newcomer to take advantage of.

Good advice is there for the taking. Don't disregard it just because it is free. Some of the very best things in life are free.

Just make sure that you take full advantage of them.

Relax, nothing is so bad that it can't be fixed.

Here's to your great success. Bob….

Home Schooling Your Children on the Internet

Do you have children in school - or are you planning for it soon?

Have you asked yourself if public schools are really doing all they can to improve your child and educate him or her for the real world?

Do you try to stifle desires to send them to private schools because of the cost or the perceived 'elitist' mentality?

Have you ever had a day arrive when your child comes home worn out, agitated and frustrated and thought to yourself "I'd love to keep my child home and teach him myself - if only I had the time."

Now, maybe you can. Here are some of the options.

PRIVATE SCHOOLS COST MONEY

Yes, private schools are sought by the wealthiest and most privileged of society. Although some would likely debate the benefits of private schooling over public schooling most parents probably have considered the option and would jump at the opportunity to give private schooling to their children if it appeared.

Unfortunately, for most families, private schooling is simply not a reality. At a cost of $7000 and upwards, the ability to afford such education is beyond their means. Religious affiliated schools are less expensive, but still not an option for many families with a of cost several thousands per year.

HOME SCHOOLING TAKES PARENTS TIME

Traditional home schooling where the parent is the supervisor of the child's work is another option. With fantastic resources and helpful teachers to assist, it has been a form of education that can be the answer to parents who want the one-on-one education that public schools cannot provide.

Home schooling has been the basis of society for thousands of years - long before schools came about. However, in today's society it can be difficult for parent's to maintain the supervision of assignments that is needed for home schooling. This may become even more of an issue as a child gets into the higher grades and parents are unfamiliar with the curriculum or are working and do not have as much time to assist them.

INTERNET HOME SCHOOLING

A new addition to education, the internet is now providing the ability for parents to give their child an enhanced curriculum, control over education, and online support. This will all cost much less than private school at an average cost of $900 per year.

Older children can benefit from online teachers who are able to supervise the work - a huge benefit for working or single parents. Many accredited Internet schools offer similar courses to those available in private schools.

Joel Turtel, who is the author of "Public Schools, Public Menace: How Public Schools Lie To Parents and Betray Our Children," says that busy working parents can give their kids a quality, low-cost education at home using the Internet. "K-12th grade Internet schools can take most of the homeschooling burden off parent's backs."

Perhaps this is the answer you've been looking for.

Not Being Able To Juggle In A Third

Ready to add a third factor into the equation? Concentrate on throwing ball number #3 and do not even try to catch ball #2, advises The Instant Jugglers' Manual. Or once you have two areas of focus pretty much underway, say your career and family, add the third – education.

Get help planning your education into the mix with resources. Head to your local educational center or public libraries for help. Don't get left dropping – or not juggling – the ball!

The Best Custom Street Cars

Having one of the fastest street cars in the world is a dream come true for any car lover. Fast car fans all over the world, demand for newer and faster street cars. The famous car industries like Ferrari, Mclaren, BMW are constantly challenging each other in terms of speed and style. The craze for the fastest cars is undying and manufacturers of fast street cars are providing their customers with some exotic car designs, combined with brilliant acceleration and top speed.

The speed of the car is determined by its acceleration RPM and top speed. Other factors like weight design do matter in making a car zoom through roads. Let's have a look at the features of some of the best and the fastest street cars of the world.

1996 Ferrari f 50
1996 Ferrari f 50 is one of the fastest street cars in the world today. This car accelerates from a speed of 0-60 miles in a heart throbbing 3.7 seconds. Its acceleration from 0-100 miles takes at about just 8 seconds. Wonder if this car passes by you. The maximum speed of this Ferrari f 50 is 207 miles per hour.

The car is definitely meant to leave the time behind. Buy the one and see your friends and neighbors dying to get a ride.

This is one of its type cars. It is placed at a price of whopping $480,000. Well money is never a problem for those who want the best and own the best. This car weighs 2710 pounds and covers 15-23 miles in a single gallon of gas. With 6 speed manual gear transmission you can enjoy the pulsating speed of this car. The engine of the car is at about 4700 cc and it boosts a power of incredible 513 bhp@8500 rpm.

So what are you waiting for, don't you want this super fast street car for yourself.

1997 McLaren F1
If you are crazy about speed and want a machine which rides the clouds McLaren F1 is among the best option that you can chose. This one of its kind car has an amazing acceleration of 0-60 miles per hour in just 3.3 seconds, and 0-100 miles per hour in mere 7.7 seconds. This machine is all set to pump your adrenalin to the max.

This car is priced at a sky soaring $890,000. Despite a very high price of this car, people fall in love with it. This car consists of a 6 speed manual gear transmission which would take you through as if you were riding clouds. This car produces a power of 627 bhp and its maximum speed 231 miles per hour. With an engine of 6064 cc this car gives a mileage of 12 mile per gallon of gas.

2003 Bugatti 16/4 Veyron
A word of caution: Driving 2003 Bugatti 16/4 Veyron can make you leave everything behind. With an acceleration of 0-60 miles per in just 3 seconds, this car is one of the best in the category of the fastest cars available in the world today. It is priced at a rate of $800,000. This car gives you the power of 1001 bhp with a sold engine of 7993 cc. The maximum speed of this car touches a mind blowing 252 miles per hour. Now that is what you call a real fast car. The car gives you the advantage to zoom ahead of all the other cars with a combination of a 7-speed manual gear transmission system.

Steal the fastest street cars and the world would surrender to your pick.

Praise Matters

In working with businesses and organizations of all kinds, I hear the same concerns everyday:

How do we increase productivity?

How do we improve Customer service?

How do we keep people actively engaged in their work and with others on their team?

How do we reduce turnover?

How do we improve safety?

Even if you aren't thinking about or concerned about every one of those questions, I'm sure at least one of them has kept you up at night in the past.

As leaders we think about these things because they impact the success of the organization. As coaches we think about how to impact these things day-to-day, person-by-person.

As a coach, someone helping people improve their performance for the benefit of both the individual and the organization, there are typically two types of feedback that you could provide on their performance at anytime. Constructive feedback (sometimes called criticism) and positive feedback (which I will call praise).

Forgetting the words for a minute, these two types of information are important to anyone trying to do anything better. We need to know what we aren't doing quite right, so we can adjust, and we need to know what we are doing well, so we can replicate that. Makes sense doesn't it?

Now, let's look at the words. I looked up criticism in my thesaurus and here is what I found:

"1. censure, faultfinding, disapproval, condemnation, disparagement 2. a judgment, evaluation, appraisal, analysis, assessment, estimation, valuation, 2 b critique, review, commentary.

I also looked up the word praise, and found:

"v. 1 acclaim, laud, applaud, pay tribute to, compliment, commend, eulogize, extol, honor, sing the praises of, pay homage to, endorse…"

Now, think about these two lists of synonyms. Granted, not all of them make sense in a business context, but ask yourself these questions:

· Which of these things have I received more of in my professional life?

· Which of them motivates and inspires me to strive for greater achievement and higher performance?

And now with your coach's hat on, think about these questions:

· Which of these things do I share more often?

· Which will help me most inspire and motivate others to reach their potential?

If you are like me and most everyone I've ever discussed this with, you have received more negative, "constructive" feedback than positive, encouraging feedback at work. And you believe that with more encouragement or praise you might have been more successful quicker.

The point in two words?

Praise matters.

Want some more proof?

According to a Gallup survey outlined in the book, How Full is Your Bucket? 61% of American workers received no praise at work last year. 61%! And the #1 reason people leave their jobs is because the feel unappreciated.

It is undeniably true. You can prove it from your personal experiences and from the hard data. Praise matters. And it is vastly underused as a coaching tool by most people most of the time.

As you finish reading this and walk away from your desk and begin interacting with people (whether you coach them or not), keep these things in mind:

· Everyone needs recognition and reassurance. Hopefully the exercise and the data above confirm this fact for you.

· Praise gives us pride in our jobs. Given a choice, would you rather have people who take pride in their work, or not?

· Praise generates enthusiasm and commitment. Committed people can work miracles, so it pays to build commitment.

· Praise builds loyalty. What are the real and hidden costs of employee turnover?

· Praise prevents people from feeling taken for granted. When people feel taken for granted they are less committed and loyal, aren't they?

· Praise motivates us to "go the extra mile." The extra mile is often where we find satisfied customers, higher returns and more.

· Praise improves our relationships. Would you like to have better relationships with those you lead, coach and work with?

· Praise takes hardly any time and costs nothing. There are few things in life that can produce such great returns for such a small investment.

Get that praise tool out of your toolbox. Dust it off and allow it to become shiny with use. It is an easy tool to use. It is a fun tool to use. You might even want to take it out of your mental toolbox and lay it on top of your desk so you remember to use it more often.

If you want answers to the questions at the beginning of this article, start with praise, because praise matters.

Choosing the Right Case for you

One of the most important components of your PC is the PC case. Choosing a good PC case is an important step in building your computer, since it determines several things. It determines the number of PC components you can have, as well as how what temperature your PC operates at. And it also determines how good your PC looks.

There are different factors to consider when choosing a PC case. The first is how much space your PC case is going to take up. If you don't have space to spare on your already busy desk, it would be best to look at a case that is relatively small.

The second factor is internal space. This is very important as it determines which/how many components you can put in your PC. There's no use buying a smaller case then not being able to put your shiny new video card with 3 fans in it. You may want to add several DVD or CD burners also but to do this extra space will be required. One thing to watch out for is overheating. If you put several components that generate heat, into a crowded case you will run into problems with overheating.

The third would be motherboard support. It may sound like something simple, but make sure your motherboard will physically fit into the case. I know of many people that have found this out the hard way.

The fourth thing to take into consideration is cooling. If you are planning on over-clocking your computer, or jam-packing it with components, you will need ample cooling to avoid damage to your components. Ample cooling means more fans in more places. If you are planning to do any of the above, you will need to choose a case that will support the installation of multiple fans.

As you now know choosing a case is not as simple as it seems. There are several factors that can greatly impact the performance of your system.

The Ranking Of Poker Hands

Poker is becoming increasingly popular with more and more people not only playing the game but also watching television programs like the world series of poker. In this article, I describe the order in which poker hands are ranked, starting with the highest and also the probability that players have of being dealt that particular hand.

A straight flush

This is the best hand you can obtain and is the dream cards for any poker player. That is not to say that you always win a lot of chips with this hand and most players will tend to slow play this type of hand in an attempt to trap their opponent.

A straight flush is five cards of the same suit in a sequence. The higher the top card, the higher the ranking of that hand. Therefore ten, jack, queen, king, ace, which is often known as a royal flush is the best hand in poker.

The probability of this hand is around one in sixty five thousand.

Four of a kind

This is where you have four cards of the same rank or number which are the same. As with the above the higher the rank of the four cards, the higher the value. Therefore four aces are the highest rank of all of the possible four of a kinds.

The probability of this hand is around one in four thousand, one hundred and sixty five.

Full house

A full house is where you have three cards of one rank or number and two cards of another rank. As with the above, the higher the rank of these two sets, the higher the value. Therefore if you have three aces and two kings you will have the highest rank of flush. To explain it in even more simpler terms, the one with the highest ranking set of three cards, wins.

The probability of this hand is around one in six hundred and ninety four.

Flush

This is where you have five cards of the same suit but not in a sequence. A flush which includes an ace has the highest value. If there are two hands on the table which both have a flush with an ace, it then goes to the second highest card to see who wins etc.

The probability of this hand is around one in five hundred and nine.

Straight

This is where you have five cards in sequence which are in different suites. The highest straight is again the one which has the highest card at the top.<

The probability of this hand is around one in two hundred and fifty five.

Three of a kind

This is the same as the four of the kind explanation apart from the fact that this is where you have three cards of the same rank or number.

The probability of this hand is around one in forty seven.

Two pairs

This is where you have two cards of one rank and two cards of another. There is also an odd card which can sometimes come into play.

If there are two players on the table with two pairs the highest ranking pair wins. If both players have the same highest ranking pair, the highest second ranking pair wins. If both players have the same set of two pairs, it is the one with the highest odd card that wins.

The probability of this hand is around one in 21.

One pair

This is where you only have two cards of the same rank. When two players on the table have the same pair, the other three cards come into play, with the highest card winning etc.

The probability of this hand is around one in 2.4.

High card

This is where you basically have nothing but a high card. When two players on the same table have just a high card, the one with the highest card wins etc.

The probability of this hand is around one in two.

I hope this has explained the rankings of the different poker hands to you and made it a bit more easier to understand.

Poker is a great game to play, be careful however only to bet what you can afford to lose.

I personally prefer to play on the internet rather than in the casino. I basically play for fun, and merely hope to make some extra money for myself.

I am quite a patient player who is willing to wait for a good hand to come. I think this is an important skill to have in poker and it has helped me to do quite well over the last twelve months.

One small tip is to avoid playing poker when you are drunk. Maybe it is just me but I always seem to play with a lot more aggression less patience, when I am quite drunk. This may work for some people but always seems to end up with me losing quite a lot of money.

The Lowdown On The Online RN Degree

In many cases, a nurse must have an RN degree to get a better paying job in a specialized area such as intensive care and administrative duties. For nurses who already have an LPN, an online RN degree may be their best option. These degrees usually take a year to complete and are done entirely on the computer. Teachers assign books and other reading materials. Tests are given periodically. Depending on the program, a person can learn the information at their own pace. Other programs are on a regular college schedule, but a person will not have to spend extra time driving to the college and attending classes.

With an online RN degree, a nurse can apply for higher level nursing positions. A nurse can also decide to move to a new city and find a job. The possibilities are more open for those who have more training. Also, if a nurse wants to continue their education even further, perhaps earning a master's in nursing, they first must successfully obtain their RN degree. This degree too may be achieved through an online program. Online programs have helped many people earn their degree and find better jobs or advance in their present one by training them in the latest techniques and procedures in the medical world.

Online programs do not require too much computer knowledge. A person must be responsible enough to turn in assignments and complete all tests within the given time frame. An online RN degree is for those who are willing to push themselves instead of getting constant guidance from a teacher. If a person keeps their eye on the goals in front of them, they will have little problem earning their degree. An RN degree will open many doors for a nurse and hopefully they will get the job they want and deserve.

Are More Charter Schools In The Chicago Schools Future?

Ever since George W. Bush took the oath of president of the United States, he and his administration have instituted many federally mandated changes for public schools across the nation. Now, according to Margaret Spellings, education secretary for the Bush Administration, there may be more that directly affect the Chicago Schools and the state of Illinois. Currently, the states of Illinois, Michigan and New York have the lowest caps on the number of public charter schools allowed. Illinois has the lowest cap of 60, then New York with a cap of 100, and Michigan with 150.

At one of the charter Chicago schools in late January, Spellings stated that the president wants all school districts across the country to change their restrictions on the number of public charter schools allowed, giving school districts, like the Chicago schools, the ability to convert as many failing traditional schools to charters as they wish.

Chicago schools' officials see this as a positive move. Over the years, they have aggressively pursued the conversion of failing schools to charters. The Chicago schools currently have 29 of their allowed 30 charter schools in place and running. With a current 185 low performing schools, the Chicago schools' officials see conversion to public charter schools as a possible solution to improve the schools' performance. Otherwise, their only option is to make major staff changes, since they can only convert one more traditional school to charter under current state guidelines.

Chicago schools' officials believe that more drastic interventions are required to make these failing schools successful. Charters within the Chicago schools have more freedom over their curriculum, budgeting and scheduling than traditional schools do. They also have more accountability to the Chicago schools.

Opponents to the Bush Administration proposal for changing the state's public charter school cap believe the president is going too far. Legislators involved in drafting Illinois' cap are some of those opposed to the proposal. The state's teachers' union also is against the proposal.

Representative Monique Davis, who is a Democrat representing Chicago (and the Chicago schools) and vice chairwoman of the House Education Committee, stated in response to the proposal that the legislators of Illinois believe, as many others across the nation, that charter schools still are in the experimental stage. Expansion of the number of public charter schools should be held back until they prove themselves as a viable and successful alternative for the future. They just are not there yet.

Regardless of what the Illinois legislators believe, the proposal will soon be in Congress. If the bill passes, it takes the matter out of state hands, since the federal government can impose whatever mandates they desire when contributing federal funding to schools. This means the Chicago schools' officials may soon be able to enact some serious interventions for their 185 low performing schools.

Sunday, April 29, 2012

Blogger හා Adsence නවකයන්ට

Saturday, April 28, 2012

School of Electronics Technology

Learn more about:

Campuses Admissions Financial Aid Military Benefits

The School of Electronics Technology at ITT Tech combines classroom theory and practical application in a laboratory environment. Not only has the rapid transmission of data become indispensable to many consumers and businesses, but most businesses also depend on complex electronic equipment for a variety of functions. Communications systems, automated equipment, machinery and safety systems all rely on electronic devices and systems. Individuals with the technical knowledge to help install, test, maintain and repair this equipment can be important to helping businesses remain productive. The electronics industry offers a variety of career opportunities across a wide range of fields.

With a hands-on learning environment in most programs and convenient class schedules, the ITT Technical Institutes offer an education designed around today's workplace. A world of opportunity is waiting for those ready to take the next step forward in their education.

Bachelors Degree Programs
Electrical Engineering and Communications Technology
Industrial Automation Engineering Technology
Electronics and Communications Engineering Technology

Associates Degree Programs
Electrical Engineering Technology
Computer and Electronics Technology
Computer and Electronics Engineering Technology

Technical drawing

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

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Drafter at work.

Copying technical drawings in 1973

Technical drawing, also known as drafting or draughting, is the act and discipline of composing plans that visually communicate how something functions or has to be constructed.
Drafting is the visual language of industry and engineering.
A drafter, draftsperson, or draughtsman is a person who makes a drawing (technical or otherwise). A professional drafter who makes technical drawings is sometimes called a drafting technician.
People who communicate with technical drawings, (those who design and those who are tradespeople), may use technical standards that define practical symbols, perspectives, units of measurement, notation systems, visual styles, or layout conventions. These enable a drafter to communicate more concisely by using a commonly-understood convention. Together, such conventions constitute a visual language, and help to ensure that the drawing is unambiguous and relatively easy to understand.
This need for unambiguous communication in the preparation of a functional document distinguishes technical drawing from the expressive drawing of the visual arts. Artistic drawings are subjectively interpreted; their meanings are multiply determined. Technical drawings are understood to have one intended meaning.^[1]

Methods

Sketch for a government building.

Sketching

A sketch is a quickly executed freehand drawing that is not intended as a finished work. In general, sketching is a quick way to record an idea for later use. Architect's sketches primarily serve as a way to try out different ideas and establish a composition before undertaking a more finished work, especially when the finished work is expensive and time consuming.
Architectural sketches, for example, are a kind of diagrams.^[2] These sketches, like metaphors, are used by architects as a mean of communication in aiding design collaboration. This tool helps architects to abstract attributes of hypothetical provisional design solutions and summarize their complex patterns, hereby enhancing the design process.^[2]

Manual or by instrument

A drafting table.

Technical drawing instruments.

Stencils for correct technical lettering.

The basic drafting procedure is to place a piece of paper (or other material) on a smooth surface with right-angle corners and straight sides—typically a drawing board. A sliding straightedge known as a T-square is then placed on one of the sides, allowing it to be slid across the side of the table, and over the surface of the paper.
"Parallel lines" can be drawn simply by moving the T-square and running a pencil or technical pen along the T-square's edge, but more typically the T-square is used as a tool to hold other devices such as set squares or triangles. In this case the drafter places one or more triangles of known angles on the T-square—which is itself at right angles to the edge of the table—and can then draw lines at any chosen angle to others on the page. Modern drafting tables (which have by now largely been replaced by CAD workstations) come equipped with a drafting machine that is supported on both sides of the table to slide over a large piece of paper. Because it is secured on both sides, lines drawn along the edge are guaranteed to be parallel.^[3]
In addition, the drafter uses several technical drawing tools to draw curves and circles. Primary among these are the compasses, used for drawing simple arcs and circles, and the French curve, typically a piece of plastic with complex curves on it. A spline is a rubber coated articulated metal that can be manually bent to most curves.
Drafting templates assist the drafter with creating recurring objects in a drawing without having to reproduce the object from scratch every time. This is especially useful when using common symbols; i.e. in the context of stagecraft, a lighting designer will typically draw from the USITT standard library of lighting fixture symbols to indicate the position of a common fixture across multiple positions. Templates are sold commercially by a number of vendors, usually customized to a specific task, but it is also not uncommon for a drafter to create their own templates.
This basic drafting system requires an accurate table and constant attention to the positioning of the tools. A common error is to allow the triangles to push the top of the T-square down slightly, thereby throwing off all angles. Even tasks as simple as drawing two angled lines meeting at a point require a number of moves of the T-square and triangles, and in general drafting can be a time consuming process.
A solution to these problems was the introduction of the mechanical "drafting machine", an application of the pantograph (sometimes referred to incorrectly as a "pentagraph" in these situations) which allowed the drafter to have an accurate right angle at any point on the page quite quickly. These machines often included the ability to change the angle, thereby removing the need for the triangles as well.
In addition to the mastery of the mechanics of drawing lines, arcs and circles (and text) onto a piece of paper—with respect to the detailing of physical objects—the drafting effort requires a thorough understanding of geometry, trigonometry and spatial comprehension, and in all cases demands precision and accuracy, and attention to detail of high order.
Although drafting is sometimes accomplished by a project engineer, architect—or even by shop personnel such as a machinist—skilled drafters (and/or designers) usually accomplish the task and are always in demand to some level.

An oblique view of a four-cylinder inline crankshaft with pistons.

Computer aided design

Main article: Computer-aided design

Today, the mechanics of the drafting task have largely been automated and accelerated through the use of computer-aided design systems (CAD).
There are two types of computer-aided design systems used for the production of technical drawings" two dimensions ("2D") and three dimensions ("3D").
2D CAD systems such as AutoCAD or MicroStation replace the paper drawing discipline. The lines, circles, arcs and curves are created within the software. It is down to the technical drawing skill of the user to produce the drawing. There is still much scope for error in the drawing when producing first and third angle orthographic projections, auxiliary projections and cross sections. A 2D CAD system is merely an electronic drawing board. Its greatest strength over direct to paper technical drawing is in the making of revisions. Whereas in a conventional hand drawn technical drawing, if a mistake is found, or a modification is required, a new drawing must be made from scratch. The 2D CAD system allows a copy of the original to be modified, saving considerable time. 2D CAD systems can be used to create plans for large projects such as buildings and aircraft but provide no way to check the various components will fit together.
3D CAD systems such as Autodesk Inventor or SolidWorks first produce the geometry of the part, the technical drawing comes from user defined views of the part. Any orthographic, projected and section views are created by the software. There is no scope for error in the production of these views. The main scope for error comes in setting the parameter of first or third angle projection, and displaying the relevant symbol on the technical drawing. 3D CAD allows individual parts to be assembled together to represent the final product. Buildings, Aircraft, ships and cars are modeled, assembled and checked in 3D before technical drawings are released for manufacture.
Both 2D and 3D CAD systems can be used to produce technical drawings for any discipline. The various disciplines; electrical, electronic, pneumatic, hydraulic, etc., have industry recognised symbols to represent common components.
BS and ISO produce standards to show recommended practices but it is up to individuals to produce the drawings. There is no definitive standard for layout or style. The only standard across engineering workshop drawings is in the creation of orthographic projections and cross section views.
Drafting can represent two dimensions ("2D") and three dimensions ("3D") although the representation itself is always created in 2D (cf. Architectural model). Drafting is the integral communication of technical or engineering drawings and is the industrial arts sub-discipline that underlies all involved technical endeavors.
In representing complex, three-dimensional objects in two-dimensional drawings, the objects can be described by at least one view plus material thickness note, 2, 3 or as many views and sections that are required to show all features of object.

Applications for technical drawing

Architecture

Main article: Architectural drawing

The art and design that goes into making buildings is known as architecture. To communicate all aspects of the design, detailed drawings are used. In this field, the term plan is often used when referring to the full section view of these drawings.^[4] Architectural drawings describe and document an architect's design.^[5]

Engineering drawing of a Machine tool part.

Engineering

Main article: Engineering drawing

Related fields

Illustration of a drum set.

Technical illustrations

Technical illustration is the use of illustration to visually communicate information of a technical nature. Technical illustrations can be component technical drawings or diagrams. The aim of technical illustration is "to generate expressive images that effectively convey certain information via the visual channel to the human observer".^[7]
The main purpose of technical illustration is to describe or explain these items to a more or less nontechnical audience. The visual image should be accurate in terms of dimensions and proportions, and should provide "an overall impression of what an object is or does, to enhance the viewer’s interest and understanding".^[8]
According to Viola (2005) "illustrative techniques are often designed in a way that even a person with no technical understanding clearly understands the piece of art. The use of varying line widths to emphasize mass, proximity, and scale helped to make a simple line drawing more understandable to the lay person. Cross hatching, stippling, and other low abstraction techniques gave greater depth and dimension to the subject matter".^[7]

Cutaway drawing of a Nash 600.

A cutaway drawing is a technical illustration, in which surface elements a three-dimensional model are selectively removed, to make internal features visible, but without sacrificing the outer context entirely.
The purpose of a cutaway drawing is to "allow the viewer to have a look into an otherwise solid opaque object. Instead of letting the inner object shine through the surrounding surface, parts of outside object are simply removed. This produces a visual appearance as if someone had cutout a piece of the object or sliced it into parts. Cutaway illustrations avoid ambiguities with respect to spatial ordering, provide a sharp contrast between foreground and background objects, and facilitate a good understanding of spatial ordering".^[9]

Technical drawings (the document)

Types of technical drawings

The two types of technical drawings are based on graphical projection.^[1] This is used to create an image of a three-dimensional object onto a two-dimensional surface.

Two-dimensional representation

Two-dimensional representation uses orthographic projection to create an image where only two of the three dimensions of the object are seen.

Three-dimensional representation

In three-dimensional representation, also referred to as pictorials, all three dimensions, of the three dimensions of an object, are visible.

Views

Multiview

Main article: Multiview orthographic projection

Multiview is a type of orthographic projection. There are two conventions for using multiview, first-angle and third-angle. In both cases, the front or main side of the object is the same. First-angle is drawing the object sides based on where they land. Example, looking at the front side, rotate the object 90 degrees to the right. What is seen will be drawn to the right of the front side. Third-angle is drawing the object sides based on where they are. Example, looking at the front side, rotate the object 90 degrees to the right. What is seen is actually the left side of the object and will be drawn to the left of the front side

Section

While multiview relates to external surfaces of an object, section views show an imaginary plane cut through an object. This is often useful to show voids in an object.

Auxiliary

Auxiliary views utilize an additional projection plane other than the common planes in a multiview. Since the features of an object need to show the true shape and size of the object, the projection plane must be parallel to the object surface. Therefore, any surface that is not in line with the three major axis needs its own projection plane to show the features correctly.

Pattern

Patterns, sometimes called developments, show the size and shape of a flat piece of material needed for later bending or folding into a three dimensional shape.^[10]

Gear pump exploded view.

Exploded

An exploded view drawing is a technical drawing of an object that shows the relationship or order of assembly of the various parts.^[11] It shows the components of an object slightly separated by distance, or suspended in surrounding space in the case of a three-dimensional exploded diagram. An object is represented as if there had been a small controlled explosion emanating from the middle of the object, causing the object's parts to be separated relative distances away from their original locations.
An exploded view drawing (EVD) can show the intended assembly of mechanical or other parts. In mechanical systems usually the component closest to the center is assembled first, or is the main part in which the other parts get assembled. This drawing can also help to represent disassembly of parts, where the parts on the outside normally get removed first.^[12]

Standards and conventions

Basic drafting paper sizes

Main article: Paper size

There have been many standard sizes of paper at different times and in different countries, but today most of the world uses the international standard (A4 and its siblings). North America uses its own sizes.

ISO "A series" used in most of the world
North American paper sizes

Patents

Main article: Patent drawing

The applicant for a patent will be required by law to furnish a drawing of the invention if or when the nature of the case requires a drawing to understand the invention with the job. This drawing must be filed with the application. This includes practically all inventions except compositions of matter or processes, but a drawing may also be useful in the case of many processes.^[11]
The drawing must show every feature of the invention specified in the claims, and is required by the patent office rules to be in a particular form. The Office specifies the size of the sheet on which the drawing is made, the type of paper, the margins, and other details relating to the making of the drawing. The reason for specifying the standards in detail is that the drawings are printed and published in a uniform style when the patent issues, and the drawings must also be such that they can be readily understood by persons using the patent descriptions.^[11]

Sets of technical drawings

Working drawings

Working drawings are the set of technical drawings used during the manufacturing phase of a product.^[13] In architecture, these typically include civil drawings, architectural drawings, structural drawings, mechanical systems drawings, electrical drawings, and plumbing drawings.

Assembly drawings

Assembly drawings show how different parts go together, identify those parts by number, and have a parts list, often referred to as a bill of materials.^[14] In a technical service manual, this type of drawing may be referred to as an exploded view drawing or diagram. you can use these parts in engineering